diff --git a/packages/llm/src/llm.ts b/packages/llm/src/llm.ts
index 8c98b8487d..3a9a7d9569 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/llm.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/llm.ts
@@ -5,12 +5,16 @@ import {
   LLMResponse,
   Message,
   ModelCapabilities,
+  ModelID,
   ModelLimits,
   ModelRef,
+  ProviderID,
   ToolChoice,
   ToolDefinition,
   type ContentPart,
   type Protocol,
+  type ModelID as ModelIDType,
+  type ProviderID as ProviderIDType,
   type ReasoningEffort,
   type SystemPart,
   type ToolCallPart,
@@ -28,7 +32,9 @@ export type CapabilitiesInput = {
   }
 }
 
-export type ModelInput = Omit<ConstructorParameters<typeof ModelRef>[0], "capabilities" | "limits"> & {
+export type ModelInput = Omit<ConstructorParameters<typeof ModelRef>[0], "id" | "provider" | "capabilities" | "limits"> & {
+  readonly id: string | ModelIDType
+  readonly provider: string | ProviderIDType
   readonly capabilities?: ModelCapabilities | CapabilitiesInput
   readonly limits?: ModelLimits | ConstructorParameters<typeof ModelLimits>[0]
 }
@@ -98,6 +104,8 @@ export const model = (input: ModelInput) => {
   const { capabilities: modelCapabilities, limits: modelLimits, ...rest } = input
   return new ModelRef({
     ...rest,
+    id: ModelID.make(input.id),
+    provider: ProviderID.make(input.provider),
     protocol: input.protocol as Protocol,
     capabilities: modelCapabilities instanceof ModelCapabilities ? modelCapabilities : capabilities(modelCapabilities),
     limits: modelLimits instanceof ModelLimits ? modelLimits : limits(modelLimits),
diff --git a/packages/llm/src/provider-route.ts b/packages/llm/src/provider-route.ts
index c4b757391e..6875a86a57 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/provider-route.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/provider-route.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,42 @@
-import type { Protocol } from "./schema"
+import { ModelID, ProviderID, type Protocol } from "./schema"
+import type { ModelID as ModelIDType, ProviderID as ProviderIDType } from "./schema"
 
 export interface ProviderRoute {
-  readonly provider: string
+  readonly provider: ProviderIDType
   readonly protocol: Protocol
 }
 
 export interface ProviderRouteInput {
-  readonly modelID: string
-  readonly providerID: string
+  readonly modelID: ModelIDType
+  readonly providerID: ProviderIDType
   readonly options: Record<string, unknown>
 }
 
 export interface ProviderDefinition {
-  readonly id: string
+  readonly id: ProviderIDType
   readonly route: (input: ProviderRouteInput) => ProviderRoute | undefined
 }
 
-export const make = (provider: string, protocol: Protocol): ProviderRoute => ({ provider, protocol })
+export const make = (provider: string | ProviderIDType, protocol: Protocol): ProviderRoute => ({
+  provider: ProviderID.make(provider),
+  protocol,
+})
 
 export const define = (input: ProviderDefinition): ProviderDefinition => input
 
-export const fixed = (provider: string, protocol: Protocol): ProviderDefinition => {
+export const fixed = (provider: string | ProviderIDType, protocol: Protocol): ProviderDefinition => {
   const route = make(provider, protocol)
-  return define({ id: provider, route: () => route })
+  return define({ id: route.provider, route: () => route })
 }
 
+export const input = (
+  modelID: string | ModelIDType,
+  providerID: string | ProviderIDType,
+  options: Record<string, unknown>,
+): ProviderRouteInput => ({
+  modelID: ModelID.make(modelID),
+  providerID: ProviderID.make(providerID),
+  options,
+})
+
 export * as ProviderRoute from "./provider-route"
diff --git a/packages/llm/src/provider/azure.ts b/packages/llm/src/provider/azure.ts
index c1f30b8cbc..981c0d16f3 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/provider/azure.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/provider/azure.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { ProviderRoute } from "../provider-route"
+import { ProviderID } from "../schema"
 
-export const id = "azure"
+export const id = ProviderID.make("azure")
 
 export const provider = ProviderRoute.define({
   id,
diff --git a/packages/llm/src/provider/github-copilot.ts b/packages/llm/src/provider/github-copilot.ts
index 5e5992b9d3..d1aee79769 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/provider/github-copilot.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/provider/github-copilot.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { ProviderRoute } from "../provider-route"
+import { ProviderID } from "../schema"
 
-export const id = "github-copilot"
+export const id = ProviderID.make("github-copilot")
 
 export const shouldUseResponsesApi = (modelID: string) => {
   const match = /^gpt-(\d+)/.exec(modelID)
diff --git a/packages/llm/src/provider/openai-compatible-family.ts b/packages/llm/src/provider/openai-compatible-family.ts
index c06116970a..52e0bb95d0 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/provider/openai-compatible-family.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/provider/openai-compatible-family.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export const byProvider: Record<string, ProviderFamily> = Object.fromEntries(
 export const route = (provider: string) => ProviderRoute.make(provider, "openai-compatible-chat")
 
 export const provider = ProviderRoute.define({
-  id: "openai-compatible",
+  id: ProviderRoute.make("openai-compatible", "openai-compatible-chat").provider,
   route: (input) => route(input.providerID),
 })
 
diff --git a/packages/llm/src/schema.ts b/packages/llm/src/schema.ts
index 4e9d142df4..24fb83fa3b 100644
--- a/packages/llm/src/schema.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/src/schema.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ export const Protocol = Schema.Literals([
 ])
 export type Protocol = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Protocol>
 
+export const ModelID = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand("LLM.ModelID"))
+export type ModelID = typeof ModelID.Type
+
+export const ProviderID = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand("LLM.ProviderID"))
+export type ProviderID = typeof ProviderID.Type
+
 export const ReasoningEfforts = ["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"] as const
 export const ReasoningEffort = Schema.Literals(ReasoningEfforts)
 export type ReasoningEffort = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningEffort>
@@ -61,8 +67,8 @@ export class ModelLimits extends Schema.Class<ModelLimits>("LLM.ModelLimits")({
 }) {}
 
 export class ModelRef extends Schema.Class<ModelRef>("LLM.ModelRef")({
-  id: Schema.String,
-  provider: Schema.String,
+  id: ModelID,
+  provider: ProviderID,
   protocol: Protocol,
   baseURL: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
   headers: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.String)),
@@ -351,8 +357,8 @@ export class InvalidRequestError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<InvalidRequestE
 
 export class NoAdapterError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<NoAdapterError>()("LLM.NoAdapterError", {
   protocol: Protocol,
-  provider: Schema.String,
-  model: Schema.String,
+  provider: ProviderID,
+  model: ModelID,
 }) {
   override get message() {
     return `No LLM adapter for ${this.provider}/${this.model} using ${this.protocol}`
diff --git a/packages/llm/test/provider/openai-compatible-chat.test.ts b/packages/llm/test/provider/openai-compatible-chat.test.ts
index 8e802bbc68..bd3fb44be4 100644
--- a/packages/llm/test/provider/openai-compatible-chat.test.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/test/provider/openai-compatible-chat.test.ts
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ describe("OpenAI-compatible Chat adapter", () => {
         providerFamilies.map(([provider, makeModel, baseURL]) => {
           const model = makeModel({ id: `${provider}-model`, apiKey: "test-key" })
           return {
-            id: model.id,
-            provider: model.provider,
+            id: String(model.id),
+            provider: String(model.provider),
             protocol: model.protocol,
             baseURL: model.baseURL,
             headers: model.headers,
diff --git a/packages/llm/test/schema.test.ts b/packages/llm/test/schema.test.ts
index 30e12c4ba8..d80acfa5e9 100644
--- a/packages/llm/test/schema.test.ts
+++ b/packages/llm/test/schema.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { Schema } from "effect"
-import { ContentPart, LLMEvent, LLMRequest, ModelCapabilities, ModelLimits, ModelRef } from "../src/schema"
+import { ContentPart, LLMEvent, LLMRequest, ModelCapabilities, ModelID, ModelLimits, ModelRef, ProviderID } from "../src/schema"
 
 const capabilities = new ModelCapabilities({
   input: { text: true, image: false, audio: false, video: false, pdf: false },
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ const capabilities = new ModelCapabilities({
 })
 
 const model = new ModelRef({
-  id: "fake-model",
-  provider: "fake-provider",
+  id: ModelID.make("fake-model"),
+  provider: ProviderID.make("fake-provider"),
   protocol: "openai-chat",
   capabilities,
   limits: new ModelLimits({}),
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/provider/llm-bridge.ts b/packages/opencode/src/provider/llm-bridge.ts
index a666f92bed..b756494143 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/provider/llm-bridge.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/provider/llm-bridge.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import { Google } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider/google"
 import { OpenAI } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider/openai"
 import { OpenAICompatibleFamily } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider/openai-compatible-family"
 import { XAI } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider/xai"
-import type { ProviderDefinition, ProviderRoute } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider-route"
+import { ProviderRoute } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider-route"
+import type { ProviderDefinition, ProviderRoute as ProviderRouteType } from "@opencode-ai/llm/provider-route"
 import { ReasoningEfforts, type ModelRef, type Protocol, type ReasoningEffort } from "@opencode-ai/llm/schema"
 import { isRecord } from "@/util/record"
 import type * as Provider from "./provider"
@@ -48,12 +49,8 @@ const recordOption = (options: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): Record<str
 export const route = (
   input: Input,
   options: Record<string, unknown> = { ...input.provider.options, ...input.model.options },
-): ProviderRoute | undefined =>
-  PROVIDERS[input.model.api.npm]?.route({
-    modelID: input.model.api.id,
-    providerID: input.model.providerID,
-    options,
-  })
+): ProviderRouteType | undefined =>
+  PROVIDERS[input.model.api.npm]?.route(ProviderRoute.input(input.model.api.id, input.model.providerID, options))
 
 const baseURL = (input: Input, selected: Protocol, options: Record<string, unknown>) => {
   const configured = stringOption(options, "baseURL") ?? input.model.api.url